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2 Chronicles 4

The furnishings of the temple: a bronze altar twenty cubits square, the Sea standing on twelve oxen, ten basins, ten golden lampstands, ten tables and a hundred golden bowls, the court of the priests and the great court.

Summary written for the Labs; read the chapter itself for the full text.

What happens in this chapter

The chapter lists the furnishings Solomon made for the house, beginning in the court with a bronze altar twenty cubits square and ten high, and the Sea on twelve oxen, three facing each quarter. The Sea was for the priests to wash in; the ten basins, five on each side, were for rinsing what belonged to the burnt offering. Inside, Solomon set ten gold lampstands and ten tables, five on each side, and made a hundred gold bowls; outside, the court of the priests and the great court with bronze-covered doors. The list ends with Huram's bronze work, the pillars and their capitals, pots, shovels and forks, so much that the bronze was never weighed, and the gold of the inner house down to its doors.

What the lab shows, and where to look

Most of this chapter is in the court and the holy place of Solomon's Temple lab. The bronze altar stands before the house with a ramp on the south side for the priests (plausible) and a stepped bronze casing with horns (a guess). The bronze Sea sits to the south-east, its oxen drawn as plain cast cattle, an artistic choice. Then go inside: The ten lampstands line the side walls near the inner sanctuary, drawn on the Tabernacle's pattern because the text gives no form, and The ten tables are drawn the same way. The inner court shows the court of the priests; its size is a reconstruction.

Questions people ask

How much water did the bronze Sea hold?

Kings says two thousand baths (1 Kings 7:26), Chronicles three thousand (2 Chronicles 4:5). If a bath was about 22 litres, a common estimate, that is roughly 44,000 or 66,000 litres. Ellicott notes the two numbers could be confused in unpointed Hebrew; Jamieson, Fausset and Brown suggest the larger counts the Sea filled to the brim; the Cambridge Bible says we cannot tell which book is corrupt.

Strongly supported

What was the bronze Sea for?

Chronicles says the Sea was for the priests to wash in, while the ten smaller basins were for rinsing the parts of the burnt offering (2 Chronicles 4:6). It took the place of the Tabernacle's single bronze basin. How the priests washed from a vessel five cubits high the text does not say.

Textually stated

Why were there ten lampstands and ten tables?

Chronicles gives ten of each, five on the right and five on the left (4:7–8); Kings also has ten lampstands but speaks of 'the table' for the bread of the Presence (1 Kings 7:48–49). The text does not say why the number grew from the Tabernacle's one; the larger house is the obvious reason. Their form is not given, so the lab draws them on the Tabernacle's pattern.

Textually stated

See it in the Labs

How sure can we be?

  • Textually stated

    There were ten golden lampstands, five on the right and five on the left before the inner sanctuary.

    Stated in 1 Kings 7:49 and 2 Chronicles 4:7.

  • Textually stated

    Chronicles gives ten tables; Kings speaks of the table of gold.

    2 Chronicles 4:8, 19 against 1 Kings 7:48; 2 Chronicles 29:18 also speaks of one table. One table may have held the bread while the others served it, or 'table' in Kings may be collective.

  • Textually stated

    The Sea was 10 cubits across, 5 high and 30 round, a handbreadth thick, on twelve oxen.

    Stated in 1 Kings 7:23–26 and 2 Chronicles 4:2–5.

  • Textually stated

    The Sea stood on the right side of the house, toward the south-east.

    Stated in 1 Kings 7:39 and 2 Chronicles 4:10.

  • Textually stated

    Kings says it held 2,000 baths; Chronicles says 3,000.

    1 Kings 7:26 against 2 Chronicles 4:5. Proposals: Chronicles counts a filled-to-overflowing measure, or uses a smaller bath; one figure is a copying error; or the larger includes water in the base. None is certain.

  • Textually stated

    The altar was 20 × 20 cubits and 10 cubits high.

    Stated in 2 Chronicles 4:1. Kings mentions the bronze altar (8:64) without its size.

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